Chemistry TAS Report Essay

1. Experiment Number : 10 2. Date : 18/01/2008 3. Title : Determination of the equilibrium constant for the reaction : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) 4. Aims/Objective : To determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) 5. Introduction / Theory: In this experiment, the equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex ion, FeSCN2+(aq), is determined. Complex ions, thiocyanatoiron(III) ions, are formed from iron(III) ions and thiocyanate ions in aqueous solution : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) (1). see more:chemistry matriculation notes semester 1 The equilibrium constant for this reaction is:Kc = [FeSCN2+(aq)] (2) [Fe3+(aq)][SCN-(aq)] The product complex ion is the only one of the three species which has an appreciable color (blood-red). 6. Relevant Equations/Chemical Reactions Involved : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) 7. Chemicals : 0. 002 M KSCN(aq) 50 cm3 0. 2 M Fe(NO3)3(aq) 20 cm3 8. Apparatus and equipment : Boiling tube 5 Dropper 2 10 cm3 measuring cylinder 1 Lamp 1 25 cm3 measuring cylinder 1 Wash bottle 1 Safety spectacle 1 250 cm3 beaker 1 9. Procedure : 1. 0. 2 M Fe(NO3)3(aq) was used and 10 cm3 of 0. 08 M, 0. 032 M, 0. 0128 M, 0. 00512 M Fe(NO3)3(aq) were prepared respectively. The solutions were added by using 10 cm3 measuring cylinder to 5 clean boiling tubes in a rack as below. Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 SCN-(aq) / cm3 10 10 10 10 10 Fe3+(aq) / cm3 10(0. 2 M) 10(0. 08 M) 10(0. 032 M) 10(0. 0128 M) 10(0. 00512 M) 3. Tubes 1 and 2 were wrapped around with a strip of paper so that light was excluded from the side. 4. The solutions towards the lamp were looked vertically down to compare the colour intensity. 5. Some of the solution from the standard tube 1 was removed with a dropper until the colour intensities of solutions in both tubes were the same. And the removed liquid was put into a clean and dry beaker. 6. The depth of the solution in tube 1 was then measured. 7. Steps 3 to 6 were repeated with tubes 1 and 3, 1and 4 and finally 1and 5. 10. Observations : The colour intensities of the solutions in the two tubes being observed were the same. 11. Data, Calculation and Results : Height of solution in original tube 1 = 59 mm Height of solution in tube 1 having the same colour intensity as tubes 2, 3, 4 and 5 are : Same colour intensity as 2 3 4 5 Height of solution in tube 1 (mm) 45 35 28 23 12. Conclusion : The equilibrium constant for the reaction : Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq) was found to be 82. 1 M-1. 13. Discussion : 1. By M1V1 = M2V2, For tube 1, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 1 M For tube 2, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 04 M For tube 3, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 016 M For tube 4, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 0064 M For tube 5, initial concentration of SCN-(aq) = 0. 001 M initial concentration of Fe3+(aq) = 0. 00256 M 2. Concentration of FeSCN2+ in tube 1 = 0.001 M 3. Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 2 = 45 /59 = 0. 763 Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 3 = 35 /59 = 0. 593 Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 4 = 28 /59 = 0. 475 Ratio of depth in the colour comparison with tube 5 = 23 /59 = 0. 390 Equilibrium concentration of thiocyanoiron(III) ions: In tube 2 = 0. 001 x (45 / 59) = 7. 63 x 10-4 M In tube 3 = 0. 001 x (35 / 59) = 5. 93 x 10-4 M In tube 4 = 0. 001 x (28 / 59) = 4. 75 x 10-4 M In tube 5 = 0. 001 x (23 / 59) = 3. 90 x 10-4 M 4. [Fe3+]equil = [Fe3+]initial – [FeSCN2+]equil = 0. 04 – 7. 63 x 10-4 = 0. 0392 M [SCN-]equil = [SCN-]initial – [FeSCN2+]equil = 0. 001 -7. 63 x 10-4 = 2. 37 x 10-4 M 5. Room temperature = 16 oC K = [FeSCN2+]equil / ([Fe3+]equil[SCN-]equil) = 7. 63 x 10-4 / [(0. 0392)(2. 37 x 10-4)] = 82. 1 M-1 6. There are few sources of error in this experiment. (1) Determination of colour intensity in the two tubes observed might not be accurate. (2) Taking reading when measuring the depth of liquid. Error estimation – When taking initial reading, error is + 0. 05 cm3. When taking final reading, error is also + 0. 05 cm3. Therefore, error is + 0. 1 cm3.

Due Diligence

â€Å"Due  diligence† is a somewhat technical phrase used to describe a range of assignments, legal obligations, reports and investigations which take place in business, manufacturing and law. Its most frequently heard version is the one pertaining to business, where â€Å"duediligence† refers to the steps taken by venture capitalists before investing a round of capital in a startup, the ongoing investigation as to how the funds are being distributed, or the precautionary steps taken by a larger company in deciding to acquire a smaller company. Sometimes the phrase is referred to as a capitalized proper noun:  Due  Diligence. The precise definition of â€Å"due  diligence† varies between firms and organizations. In manufacturing for example, certain environmental requirements must be met, which are verified in an Environmental Site Assessment called a â€Å"due  diligence  report†. It consists of a checklist of specifications and sections for open commentary. Ads by Google |IT Due Diligence Experts |Information & Communications Technology Due Diligence. Munich | | |www. oach. de | |Due Diligence Checklist |Industry proven 600+ pt checklist available for immediate download | | |www. birds-eye. net | |Due Diligence |Worldwide offices Know-how, experience & resources | | |i-factanalysis. om/due_diligence | |M&A Cross-Border |Mergers & Acquisitions Business Sales, Invest in Europe | | |www. eleusis. eu | |Free Trading Webinar |Learn how to use technical analysis to make better security trades. | | |www . equis. com | In venture capitalism,  due  diligence  involves looking into the past and present of the people and structure of a company requesting  venture funding. For instance, venture capitalists are wary of investing in companies that lack people with credentials or a proven track record. Depending on the overall level of caution in the investment environment at the time, a  duediligence  investigation may be more or less stringent. Typically a  venture capital  firm will have a dozen or more investigators whose task is to research specific details of the personal history of people in the company. With the Internet, researching a person's past associations and experience has never been easier, much to the delight of investment communities. Of course,  due  diligence  is not a panacea against investment failures. Even a company made up of well-educated high achievers can falter  due  to unpredictable market conditions, unforeseen competition, or technical setbacks. Due  diligence  generally refers to the background checks conducted after a venture partner has already made a decision about the company. Typically, partners will prefer to invest in companies led by people they already know are very trustworthy, and probably have been given funds in the past. In law,  due  diligence  refers to precautions that are supposed to be taken by a person or company in some context. For example, did the company thoroughly check their product beforehand to ensure it was non-toxic or was not a strangulation hazard? If they do not, and bad results come of their  negligence, they can be held criminally liable. Due Diligence â€Å"Due  diligence† is a somewhat technical phrase used to describe a range of assignments, legal obligations, reports and investigations which take place in business, manufacturing and law. Its most frequently heard version is the one pertaining to business, where â€Å"duediligence† refers to the steps taken by venture capitalists before investing a round of capital in a startup, the ongoing investigation as to how the funds are being distributed, or the precautionary steps taken by a larger company in deciding to acquire a smaller company. Sometimes the phrase is referred to as a capitalized proper noun:  Due  Diligence. The precise definition of â€Å"due  diligence† varies between firms and organizations. In manufacturing for example, certain environmental requirements must be met, which are verified in an Environmental Site Assessment called a â€Å"due  diligence  report†. It consists of a checklist of specifications and sections for open commentary. Ads by Google |IT Due Diligence Experts |Information & Communications Technology Due Diligence. Munich | | |www. oach. de | |Due Diligence Checklist |Industry proven 600+ pt checklist available for immediate download | | |www. birds-eye. net | |Due Diligence |Worldwide offices Know-how, experience & resources | | |i-factanalysis. om/due_diligence | |M&A Cross-Border |Mergers & Acquisitions Business Sales, Invest in Europe | | |www. eleusis. eu | |Free Trading Webinar |Learn how to use technical analysis to make better security trades. | | |www . equis. com | In venture capitalism,  due  diligence  involves looking into the past and present of the people and structure of a company requesting  venture funding. For instance, venture capitalists are wary of investing in companies that lack people with credentials or a proven track record. Depending on the overall level of caution in the investment environment at the time, a  duediligence  investigation may be more or less stringent. Typically a  venture capital  firm will have a dozen or more investigators whose task is to research specific details of the personal history of people in the company. With the Internet, researching a person's past associations and experience has never been easier, much to the delight of investment communities. Of course,  due  diligence  is not a panacea against investment failures. Even a company made up of well-educated high achievers can falter  due  to unpredictable market conditions, unforeseen competition, or technical setbacks. Due  diligence  generally refers to the background checks conducted after a venture partner has already made a decision about the company. Typically, partners will prefer to invest in companies led by people they already know are very trustworthy, and probably have been given funds in the past. In law,  due  diligence  refers to precautions that are supposed to be taken by a person or company in some context. For example, did the company thoroughly check their product beforehand to ensure it was non-toxic or was not a strangulation hazard? If they do not, and bad results come of their  negligence, they can be held criminally liable.

Attitudes of Health Care Providers to Persons with HIV/AIDS

Attitudes of Health Care Providers to Persons with HIV/AIDS Attitudes of Health Care Providers to Persons Living With HIV/AIDS in   Lagos State, Nigeria Sylvia Bolanle Adebajo1, Abisola O Bamgbala1 and Muriel A Oyediran2    ABSTRACT This study was conducted to examine the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of nurses and  laboratory technologists towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA) and the factors  responsible for these attitudes. Information was elicited from 254 randomly selected  nurses and laboratory technologists from 15 government owned health facilities in Lagos  State with the use of a structured questionnaire. Results indicate that most of the  respondents (96.3%) had moderate to good knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Respondents’ level  of knowledge was influenced by the level of formal education attained, length of practice,  gender and attendance at refresher courses on HIV/AIDS (p 0.05). Attitude towards PLWA was poor. Some (55.9%) of the health  workers felt that PLWAs are responsible for their il lness, while 35.4% felt that they  deserve the punishment for their sexual misbehaviours. Only 52.8% of the respondents  expressed willingness to work in the same office with a PLWA, while only 18.0% would  accept to visit or encourage their children to visit a PLWA, probably because of the fear of  contagion. It is, therefore, essential that health care providers be properly informed in  order to improve their quality of care for PLWAs. (Afr J Reprod Health 2003; 7[1]: 103-  112)    KEY WORDS: AIDS, HIV, attitude, health care providers, PLWA INTRODUCTION From the beginning of the pandemic in 1981 to date, HIV has continued to spread at the  rate of more than 10,000 new cases per day despite significant efforts made to contain its  spread.1 If this trend persists unchecked, a cumulative total of over 60 million adults  would have been infected by the end of the year 2000 with the largest number (63%)  emerging from sub-Saharan Africa.2 Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa is not spared, as the epidemic continues to  show a rapidly increasing trend with a median prevalence of over 5% and over two  million people already infected. With the increasing number of people living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS control and  preventive strategies must not only continue to encourage behavioural modifications by  all, but should also highlight the need to respect the rights to care of the increasing number  of people with HIV/AIDS. In addition, there should be full integration of these persons  within the context of their families and the society at large in the most appropriate ways  that would allow them to continue to live productive lives socially and economically. In reality, however, the fear of being infected at workplaces, educational institutions and  in the community has led to irrational and discriminatory treatment of people living with  HIV/AIDS (PLWA). Their rights to employment, housing, education and even health and  nursing care are being violated because of their HIV status.5-7 This practice unfortunately  exists despite strong evidence from research that has revealed that non-sexual contact with  HIV positive individuals carries little or no risk.5, 8-11 This is even more so if careful  precautions with blood products are taken, as this further protects people from contracting  the infection.    Health care providers, who are also members of the general community, are likely to elicit  similar prejudicial and fearful reactions to HIV/AIDS infected persons as members of the  community. The resultant effects of such negative attitudes include poor patient  management, with people being denied most needed treatment, care and support. This in  turn could affect their morale, self-esteem and self-determination to live quality lives  devoid of stigma, fear, repression and discrimination. Maintaining the desired quality of life of people with HIV/AIDS is poss ible mainly  through extensive, competent and compassionate nursing care. Yet, the provision of this  care raises health and occupational concerns for all levels of health care providers. There  is, therefore, an urgent need for all health care providers, particularly nurses who have  direct contact and spend more time with patients, to examine their personal attitudes  towards PLWAs, as this can compromise compassionate care. This study is aimed at determining the level of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of nurses  and laboratory technologists towards HIV/AIDS infected persons and to recommend  appropriate measures to address the deficiencies identified.   MATERIALS AND METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional survey of three hundred registered nurses and laboratory  health technologists was conducted between July and September 1999 in Lagos State, the  most populous state in Nigeria. It was conducted to assess their level of knowledge of the  causes, m odes of transmission and methods prevention of HIV/AIDS and their attitudes to  people living with HIV/AIDS using a well structured, self-administered questionnaire that  contained 44 items. With permission sought from all relevant authorities, selected respondents who gave their full consent to participate in the study were recruited. Prior to this, they were duly  informed about the general nature and purpose of the study and their right to withdraw at  any time without prejudice to their present or future employment. Respondents’ level of knowledge of HIV/AIDS was computed by judging their answers to  the causes, modes of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS. A mark was awarded for  every correct response to a set of questions and no mark was awarded for incorrect  responses. The total mark obtainable was sixteen and the levels of knowledge based on the  highest scores attainable were as follows: 0-9 = poor knowledge; 10-12 = fair knowledge;  and 1 3-16 = good knowledge. Similarly, respondents’ attitude to PLWA was also assessed quantitatively judging from  the proportion of `yes’ responses to individual questions asked on how they would react,  relate or treat PLWAs. These responses were computed individually.   Sampling From a comprehensive list of government-owned health facilities in the Lagos metropolis,  fifteen health facilities were randomly selected by simple balloting. From each selected  health facility, a list of names of nurses and laboratory technologists was obtained from  the respective medical directors. From the list, respondents were selected by stratified  sampling method using a ratio of two laboratory technologists to three trained nurses. A  maximum of 20 health workers comprising thirteen nurses and seven laboratory  technologists were recruited from each health facility. To ensure anonymity and confidentiality, respondents in each health facility were  requeste d to drop their completed questionnaires devoid of personal identities into sealed  boxes provided by the study team. The questionnaires were administered and collected in  the boxes provided by the principal investigator assisted by four experienced and trained  interviewers. Two hundred and fifty four questionnaires (84.6%) were returned at the end of the data  collection exercise. Data obtained were crosschecked for consistency and analysed using  the statistical analysis software (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, C). RESULTS Two hundred and fifty four health workers comprising one hundred and four (40.9%)  laboratory technologists and one hundred and fifty nurses (59.1%) were surveyed. There  was a disproportionate sex distribution of 181 (71.3%) females and 73 (28.7%) males.   Many (56.7%) of them were aged between 30 and 39 years with a mean age of 36.0 years  (SD 6.42). Less than half of the respondents had practiced for 10-15 years with an average duration of 10.4 years (SD 5.64). Over three quarters of the respondents were  Christians and the majority of them had been sponsored by their health facilities to attend  at least one refresher course on HIV/AIDS. Levels of Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Two hundred and forty respondents (94.5%) claimed that they had seen at least one case  of AIDS. Based on a total of 16 marks, one hundred respondents (39.4%) had very good  knowledge, one hundred and forty five (57.1%) had fair knowledge, while only nine  (3.5%) had poor knowledge. A high level of knowledge of HIV/AIDS was displayed by  respondents who had higher level of formal education compared to those with lower levels  (p = 0.016). The longer the length of practice, the higher the level of knowledge (p =  0.0003); more males (40.6%) than females (37.5%) had excellent scores on knowledge (p= 0.009); and attending a refresher course on HIV/AIDS was associated with a higher  level of knowledge (p = 0.01). In contrast, age, occupation and religion did not  significantly influence the level of knowledge of respondents (p > 0.05). Although the overall level of knowledge of the modes of transmission and methods of  prevention was fair, there were some deficiencies and misconceptions. (Table 1)   Causes and Modes of Transmission of HIV Over ninety five per cent of the respondents knew the causes of AIDS and correctly  identified heterosexual intercourse, blood transfusion and sharp instruments as some  modes of transmission of HIV. However, in addition to these, some respondents believed  that HIV could also be transmitted through insect bites (15.7%), hugging or touching an  infected person (9.4%), sharing the same toilet and cooking utensils with an infected  person (9.4%), and by having skin contact with an infected person (27.1%).   High Risk Target Population People who indulge in prostitution, homosexuality and multiple sexual partnering were  correctly identified by ove r 90% of the respondents as groups of people at high risk of  contracting HIV. However, an appreciable proportion (50%) of the respondents failed to  identify commercial drivers, adolescents and drug addicts as other high risk groups. Likewise, the respondents had poor knowledge of the groups of people least likely to  contract HIV. For example, 72.4% and 92.1% respectively of the respondents incorrectly  identified patients in hospital and health care providers as groups also at high risk of  contracting HIV/AIDS. Areas of Misconception Identified    Some degree of homophobia was detected among the respondents. Over one third of the  them felt that all homosexuals have AIDS. A large proportion of the respondents (82.7%)  did not know that women are at increased risk of contracting or transmitting HIV during  their menstrual period. A few of the respondents (18.1%) felt that AIDS is curable if  treatment is commenced early. Although 94.5% of the respond ents correctly identified blood as a vehicle of transmission  of HIV, only 81.1% and 71.7% correctly identified vaginal and semen secretions  respectively. Furthermore, 69.9%, 78.0% and 76.4% of the respondents respectively  thought that HIV can be transmitted through saliva, tears and sweat.   Attitudes of Respondents to People Living with HIV/AIDS Two hundred and thirty eight respondents (93.7%) believed that HIV/AIDS is a serious  threat to health workers and 87% believed that treating PLWA puts them at increased risk  of contracting HIV. Many of the respondents (79.5%) believed that an HIV infected  person poses a great danger to others, 34.7% felt that HIV infected persons should be  isolated, over half (55.9%) felt that AIDS patients are responsible for their illness, and 90  (34.4%) felt that they deserve the consequences of their reckless life as a form of  punishment from God. Many (89.8%), however, felt that they do not deserve to die.  Majority ( 94.5%) felt that they deserve to be treated with empathy and understanding and  given the best medical care possible. Whilst many of the respondents felt that persons with AIDS should be allowed to live  their normal lives, i.e., to continue working or schooling, 44 (17.3%) believed that they  should be relieved of their jobs and 50 (19.7%) recommended that students infected with  AIDS should be expelled from school. The majority of respondents (91.3%) claimed that they would retain their friendship with  PLWAs, 154 (52.8%) expressed their willingness to work in the same office with an  AIDS patient and only 46 (18.0%) said they would visit or encourage their children to  visit an AIDS patient. Attitude of Health Workers towards Treatment of HIV/AIDS Patients Ninety three per cent of the respondents accepted that they are duty bound to treat all ill  ersons irrespective of their HIV status and agreed to treat persons known to be infected  with HIV/AIDS. A l ower percentage (87.4%) agreed to examine or touch them. Most of  the respondents (87.4%) advocated for the screening of all patients prior to admission into  the wards particularly those admitted for surgical procedures, but only 108 (42.5%) would  encourage the admission of PLWAs to the wards.    Respondents’ Level of Awareness of the Universal Precautions against HIV Two hundred and eight respondents (81.9%) were aware of and had read the universal  precautions for health workers, while only 66 (26.0%) were aware of its existence at their  workplaces. Only about half (52.4%) were privileged to attend a refresher course on HIV/AIDS, and when asked almost all the respondents expressed the desire to attend a  refresher course on HIV/AIDS if given the opportunity. Attitudes of Health Workers to HIV Screening Only seventy respondents (28.0%) had been screened for HIV. Of these, 31.4% were  screened prior to blood donation, 45.7% out of curiosity or for p ersonal interests, 17.1%  either on doctor’s advice or for routine antenatal check, and 5.7% for travel requirements.  Other respondents (72.0%) had never been screened because of fear (18.5%), high cost of  the test(s) (9.8%), and a strong conviction that they will never be infected (71.7%).   However, many of the respondents (83.5%) said they were willing to be tested if HIV  screening is provided free of charge. All the respondents unanimously agreed that HIV  screening should be made free for all health workers. More respondents aged 30-39 years (37.5%) had been screened for HIV when compared  with 11.1% and 16.2% of those aged 20-29 years and above 40 years respectively (p =  0.0001). More male respondents (46.6%) had been screened for HIV compared to 20.3%  of females (p = 0.0003). The longer the length of practice, the less likely it was for  respondents to have been screened (p = 0.03). Also, 34.6% of the laboratory technologists  were screen ed, compared to 23.3% of nurses although this difference was weakly  statistically significant (p = 0.049). In contrast, the level of formal education and religion of respondents did not significantly  influence whether or not they were screened for HIV (p > 0.05). DISCUSSION Until recently, HIV/AIDS control programmes in Nigeria had focused primarily on  preventing the spread of HIV through behaviour modifications. However, with the  growing number of PLWAs, there is increasing concern on the crucial role of the health  care delivery system in providing wide range of care and support. This has become  inevitable as almost every person living with HIV is bound to fall sick at one time or the  other, thereby requiring medical care from health workers who are well trained and  willing to provide such care. The study revealed that a significant proportion (96.5%) of the study subjects had  appreciable (moderate to high scores) knowledge of the causes and preve ntion of HIV/ AIDS. However, in spite of this, there existed many gaps in their knowledge of HIV and  they had various misconceptions regarding how HIV/AIDS can be transmitted. In  addition, a strong apprehension on how to handle the contagious nature of the disease was  revealed. Most of the respondents (96.0%) knew the causative agent of AIDS to be a virus and the  main modes of transmission to be sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing sharp  objects and perinatal transmission. However, there were also erroneous beliefs by the  majority of the respondents that the HIV could be transmitted through insect bites  (84.3%), touching and hugging (90.6%), sharing of toilet facilities with infected persons  (90.6%), and poor levels of health and nutrition (92.9%). Okotie et al, in their study  amongst civil servants, reported much lower figures of 36.8% and 37.9% on the sharing of  utensils and casual kissing respectively as other modes of transmission.   Epidemiological studies throughout the world have reported only three main modes of  HIV transmission. One is through sexual intercourse with an infected person; second,  through exposure to blood, blood products or transplanted organs or tissues; and third,  from an infected mother to her fetus or infant before, during or shortly after birth.  Casual contacts such as touching, hugging and kissing an infected person with HIV/AIDS  do not result in HIV transmission.18 Respondents had varied knowledge of people at high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. Whilst a significant proportion correctly identified prostitutes (100%), homosexuals (93.7%), people with multiple sexual partners (94.4%), only 64.6%, 44.4% and 45.2% ofthe respondents respectively correctly identified intravenous drug users, commercial  drivers and adolescents as other high risk groups. In addition, many of them did not seem  to know groups of people who are least likely to contract HIV/AIDS. For exampl e, 92.1%  and 72.4% of the respondents felt that health workers and in-patients are at very high risk  of contracting HIV. Odujinrin et al reported much lower figures (51.5%) of health workers  who identified homosexuals as a high risk group. Studies have suggested that the risk of nosocomial transmission of HIV is extremely low  (0.3%) even after accidental parenteral inoculation.6,8,17,20-21 The incidence of HIV  infection resulting from needle stick injury is a rare event with only 41 cases reported  worldwide.

Strategic Managment - Corporate Governance Essay

Strategic Managment - Corporate Governance - Essay Example Individual commitment to ethics is as much required as the a strong performance on the bourse. Corporate Governance gives companies the basic framework to establish the rules of the game within. On one hand, the companies deal with measurable and quantifiable assets like finances and accounts. On the other are its deep rooted social and environmental commitments to the buyers, suppliers, and the community it works in. Corporate Social Responsibility is that aspect of Corporate Governance that ensures that a company fulfills its social and obligations besides increasing its profits. In fact, the financial performance of a company, to a great measure rests on the confidence it places in its employees with welfare concepts, ethical trade practices, protecting human values and respect for the environment. We will carry out a discussion into the Corporate Social Responsibility practiced by the UK retail major Marks and Spencer. We will first define corporate governance, then study the Code of Corporate Governance of UK and study its implementation as for as the clause of Corporate Social Responsibility is concerned. Corporate Governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. It provides architecture of accountability (Higgs, 2003).In other words, Corporate Governance is the principles on which a company is controlled, run and operated. . Corporate Governance requires of the Board to instil and maintain confidence in its shareholders by maintaining through transparency and informed of its decisions. Corporate governance is the accountability of a company, its board for protection of the investors’ money. Often in the past the Boards of companies did not behave responsibly resulting in loss of investor’s money and the confidence. The laws in UK were severely lacking in keeping proper checks and controls on the performance and decision making of executive and non-executive directors. This often

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Celebrating new year becomes pop-cultrual celebrity - Essay Example New Year has now become a worldwide celebration with so much anticipation and expectations put in line to mark the day (Mercer, 26). People all around the world start counting down the New Year day before the clock ticks midnight. They will count all through the last sixty seconds and cheer when the New Year begins. People will tend to hug, jump and wish their friends a â€Å"Happy and prosperous New Year and sing along various songs designed for such a day. New Year is a historical celebration that has become a pop cultural celebration in almost all nations in the world that comprises of so many memories and resolutions taking place on this material day (Mercer, 44). This paper discusses how New Year has become a pop cultural celebration in the world through wide the influence from internet and social media. Celebrations of the New Year has not started recently, the first celebration is dated back to 2000 B.C in Mesopotamia (Mercer, 48). It was marked on mid-March and was celebrated during the time of the vernal equinox. Various ancient cultures also tied a varied of other dates to the seasons. The Egyptian, Persians and Phoenicians made history by celebrating the New Year eve with the fall equinox and on the other hand the Greeks decided to celebrate it during the winter solstice. As stated before, calendars used by various countries determine when the New Year celebrations take place. In the early Roman calendar, New Year was on March date one. Their calendar had just ten months with March being the first month. The calendar was not as the same with what is used today since some month like September and December were the seventh and tenth months respectively. It was during the first celebrations of New Year in Rome that the month of January joined the calendar. The month was not in existence until 700 B.C during the rule of Numa

Film treatment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film treatment - Essay Example When the scientists ask more about the aggressive aliens and outer space, there get no further response from the 847Z aliens. The excitement of finding and communicating with aliens makes scientists and government ignore the warning from 847Z aliens. The government provides more funding to the space institution to let the scientists send more messages to the outer space aliens. Without heeding the earlier warning from the 847Z aliens, humans keep sending their information and location to space. Since then, an active bomb has remained buried deep in space. One day in 2055, the 774C aliens arrive on earth silently. They received the message that scientists sent 20 years ago and decided to explore this unknown planet. Not like the 847Z aliens who prefer peace, the 774C aliens believe in survival, nature and mutual benefits. They come to earth searching for energy resources and food. 774C aliens have hands with four fingers and feet with 3 toes. Generally, they are human-like aliens. The only difference is that instead of having bones, soft tissues make up their whole body. So they can transform into anything they see. 774C aliens communicate with each other by telepathy. The 20 774C alien team that arrived has been sent to earth first to explore. One of the 20 aliens is named Chico. Chico’s order is to arrest some humans and bring them back to their spaceship for experiments. The alien scientists build a database about humans to learn about the most intelligent species on earth. They collect data about the human body and learn th at the protein in human bodies can provide large amounts of energy to their body. In fact, their planet has been over exploited and cannot produce enough food for them to survive. For the 774C aliens, earth is a potential habitat. Alien Chico transforms into one of the humans that he has arrested and lives in human society to learn the knowledge and history of human. After

Supply chain Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Supply chain - Dissertation Example Importance of Food Security Eminent scholars such as Sanyal and Babu (2009) emphasized that food security is a part of nutritional security in which people will have the access to safe drinking water and balanced nutrition so as to ensure every child of a nation has the opportunity to embrace mental and physical development. According to Sanyal and Babu (2009) food security needs to be viewed as a factor responsible for food production, income generation as well as employment generation. In addition, it has also been discovered that the presence of the food security bill in a nation helps in improving the environmental health, economic vitality and human health & social equity. In the context of environmental health, the presence of food security ensures that the food production and procurement do not affect air, land and water required for the future generation. In the context of economic vitality, it ensures that people responsible for the production of food are able to earn decent revenue. Hence, food security plays a crucial role in the revenue and employment generation. In addition, the food security bill is also responsible for ensuring that more importance is being placed in the development of community and health of the community. As a result of this, people will be able to access the foods in a more dignified manner. Thus, from the discussions above it can be affirmed that food security is extremely important for a nation to prosper and secure a safe position. Growing Importance of Food Security and Impact of Supply Chain Nations around the world have begun addressing the issue of food security sincerely. This is principally because of the fact that the situation of food security has reached an alarming stage. Reports have suggested that the... In order to ensure food security and execute the strategy of sustainable agriculture, it is essential to figure out some of the critical foods that have been listed by most nations in food security programs. There are certain foods which are enlisted by the countries as critical foods. This is because such foods have reached an alarming stage or are vital in meeting and feeding the growing population. It has been found that a number of foods have been marked as critical, but in common the foods are maize, beans, wheat, potato, rice and banana. For example, the reason behind considering maize as important and critical food crop because it is highly valued among households (Weadapt, 2013). Moreover, it can be stored dry, can be grown faster and is often managed by the farmers without requiring much expert advice. In this context also supply chain will play a crucial role. The food processors and their supply chain partners face several issues because the tastes of consumers are shiftin g from vegetable and grain-based foods to poultry and meat. Hence, drought, low productivity and volatility of price will seriously impede food distribution and supply. Therefore, streamlining of the distribution and reducing the number of intermediaries is the only solution to the issue. In order to deal with the issue of food security different countries have adopted different measures. For this project, the activities of 5 nations from 5 continents will be presented. The countries chosen are UK, USA, China, Australia and Kenya. The same has been presented below: - UK (Europe) - The country is adopting ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in order to improve the trust and security in the food supply chain.

Reading response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Reading response papers - Essay Example ecting these matters; but I will endeavor to describe, in the best manner in my power, what I have myself seen; and imperfectly as I may succeed in the attempt, I am fully aware that the account will appear so wonderful as to be deemed scarcely worthy of credit; since even we who have seen these things with our own eyes, are yet so amazed as to be unable to comprehend their reality. But your Majesty may be assured that if there is any fault in my relation, either in regard to the present subject, or to any other matters of which I shall give your Majesty an account, it will arise from too great brevity rather than extravagance or prolixity in the details; and it seems to me but just to my Prince and Sovereign to declare the truth in the clearest manner, without saying anything that would detract from it, or add to it. Hernan Cortà ©s’ introduction to his description of the city of Temixtitlan is designed to arouse Charles V’s interest, and to impress the monarch with the great value of the territory which the conquistador has obtained for him. Cortà ©s’ is obviously under great need to justify his unilateral actions in Mexico and seeks to obtain the king’s sanction. His account of the treasure in the city, the marvelous architecture, the cornucopia of products available in the numerous markets, the magnificent temples, pleasure houses and palaces, the enviable water supply system, the refinement of the natives, his estimation of the extent of Moctezuma’s domain and Moctezuma’s elaborate lifestyle, are all couched in the most extravagant terms. It is difficult to believe Cortà ©s’ claim that his account is â€Å"the truth in the clearest manner.† The excessive length of his descriptions of everything, ranging from the produce available in the marketplace to the birds and animals in the pleasure houses, can definitely be considered to be examples of â€Å"prolixity.† Cortà ©s is evidently keen that Charles V perceives Temixtitlan to be superior to any city

LastnamefirstnameHIST101ShortPaper Research Paper

LastnamefirstnameHIST101ShortPaper - Research Paper Example They were rebellious protestors, but hesitant insurrectionists; in the commencement, the Americans attempted reconciliation with their supreme ruler along with acknowledgment of their rights. Much more than a mutiny against British taxes and enterprise regulations, the American Revolution was the first new revolution. It recorded the first occasion in history that people fought for their liberation in the name of certain general laws such as the rule of law, lawful rights, and democratic sovereignty (Bailyn 37). The origins of Revolution in American can be drawn from the year 1763 when the leaders in British started to tighten imperial reigns. The harmonious relationships that existed between Britain and its colonies became more and more conflict-riven. Britain’s land management prohibiting reimbursement in the West provoked colonists as did the advent of British troops (Bailyn 45). The most severe dilemma was the call for money to sustain the empire. Efforts through the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, and the Townshend Acts to gather money rather than control trade met with increasing opposition in the territories. Anxieties rose further after Parliament enacted the Coercive Acts and the First Continental Congress adopted the initial steps toward sovereignty from Britain. Before the nations attained freedom, they had to struggle a great and painful battle. The British had numerous successes in the battle, comprising a great, well-trained troops and naval forces and several Loyalists who aided the British Empire. Still several white pioneers were separated by Lord Dunmore’s assurance of independence to captives who joined the noble army, and were incited by Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. Outstanding initiative by George Washington; the support of such European nationalities as France; and tactical failures by British officers contributed to

Marketing Plan - Echeverry Vodka Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan - Echeverry Vodka - Essay Example The company understands the significance of retaining customers therefore, it will work on the principle that marketing strategy will aim to satisfy its customers by making a reputable name in the market. Mission The Echeverry Vodka mission is to lead the best quality and innovative production of wine in the American market. The company will keep very close and excellent relationships with the consumers to fulfill their needs and requirements. Company will satisfy consumers at any place or time with the best quality product. The Echeverry Vodka will also keep satisfactory profit margins from its business to maintain the company’s growth and financial stability. The vodka company will maintain a friendly and healthy working environment by adding value to the people and implement innovative marketing strategies to strengthen market position by introducing innovative, new, and best quality products in the existing competitive market. Marketing Objectives The marketing objectives for the vodka company that they will follow to maintain its growth and position in the market are: Every month, the company will sustain its positive growth and stability. Each quarter, company will show increasing market penetration. The company will design marketing strategies with huge campaigns for awareness of its product through the trade shows, which will be figured out by the consumer’s responses and feedbacks on quality of the product. The company will use different modes of advertising to market their product through media, home programs and special shows, through direct mails, hotel guides and different charity events. Market Needs To determine the need of market is the most significant management activity for companies because it is useful for making or developing the new product (Morey, Maybury, & Thuraisingham, 2002). The company will provide tasteful wine to its customers and taste of Echeverry Vodka will be different from the competitors wine. Most of the peop le in Virginia are experiencing similar taste of wine therefore, it is the need of the market to introduce new wine different from others, and people will be able to get a different feeling when experiencing that wine. Echeverry Vodka seeks to provide high quality wine to its customer for making them satisfy and enticing them to drink this wine again. Market Analysis and Competitors: Due to the economic downturn of 2008, the Virginia wine industry has seen a decline, because people became hesitant of buying the product for their luxury. Due to this reason, the competitors have cut down their prices because they do not want to lose their market share (Full Glass Research, 2011). However, Echeverry Vodka has decided to launch itself because it is predicted that the wine industry will increase by 11% in the year 2013, and revenues of this industry will increase up to $49 billion. The popularity of mixed drinks is rapidly increasing in the market and consumer’s spending for non-d urable goods has increased more than 6% therefore, company has an opportunity to launch itself at this stage. The main competitors of Echeverry Vodka are Absolut Vodka and Smirnoff because the rates these competitors are offering is similar to the rates of Echeverry Vodka (ABC, 2012). Financial Objective The Financial Objectives that Echeverry Vodka Company will follow are as follows: Every quarter the company

Communication Process Essay Example for Free

Communication Process Essay 1. Briefly describe the misunderstanding, including the setting and the people involved. At my recent job that I was working a situation came about, I was helping my director file some bills with personal information. Well she did not make it clear that each bill went into a certain folder, which made my job a lot difficult and ending up me having to do the whole process over again, when I had to do another project that my other Director had told me to finish up within that day. 2. Complete the following table with information from your described misunderstanding. |Question |Answer | |Who was the sender? |My Director | |Who was the receiver? |Myself | |What was the message? |File these documents | |What channel was used to send the message? |Sound and light waves | |What was the misunderstanding? |How to file the documents | |How could you have avoided the misunderstanding? |It could have been avoided if my director would have told me the correct | | |way to file them instead of me trying to figure out how to file the | | |documents. 3. The perception model in Ch. 2 of Communicating in the Workplace shows that prior knowledge and experiences combine with your psychological state to shape your subjective reality. What was your perception going into the situation? How did your perception of the misunderstanding affect the communication process? My perception of the situation was that there really was not correct way into filing the documents, all she wanted was for them to be filed. It affected the misunderstanding and how the communication process went through my mind was that she should have told me how to correctly do it the proper way, instead of just telling me to finish filing. I just thought that she wanted them out of the way and into the filing cabinet. 4. After reflecting on your misunderstanding and analyzing it with what you have learned this week, what did you learn about the communication process? I have learned that there are a lot of ways in communicating and that when someone tells another person to do something, then that person is listening and taking in information differently, to ask questions when told to do something if you do not understand what that person is wanting from you. The reason why I say this is because not every person is going to be the same, as it stated in the example of the model in Ch. 2 of Communicating in the Workplace, A hog could be a pig but really the person was referring to a motorcycle. For another instance when someone is telling another person to do something, that person receives the message but might take it another way because of how that person encodes the information, that is why it is important to respond back to the person and making a clear understanding of what that person is wanting. I would not want to risk someone else’s life it I did not understand the information correctly because that will affect my job on the line as well. Reference Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the workplace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Methodological Issues In Research Domestic Violence Psychology Essay

Methodological Issues In Research Domestic Violence Psychology Essay A critical review of the methodology used in Hoyle, C Being a nosy bloody cow: ethical and methodological issues in research domestic violence. The chapter of the article I am focusing on looks at negotiating access to research subjects and adapting methodology for a doctoral approach to work. The chapter also looks at who would be appropriate subjects for the research and the appropriate means of getting information for the research. Overall the article looks at Hoyles own experience from her thesis which was based on policing domestic violence Thames Valley (Hoyle, C. 1996) but her methods were denigrated by critics who were not sympathetic with my findings. The types of methodology used by Hoyle in her article is a mix of qualitative and quantitative†¦scrutiny of official documents†¦interviews†¦telephone calls (Hoyle, C. 2000:397). This is also called triangulation different methods to study the same phenomenon (Hoyle, C. 2000:398). Triangulation involves Uses multiple observers, theoretical perspectives, sources of data, methodologies†¦ methods of investigation (research methods book) to get more reliable results. Qualitative data involves an approach to documents that emphasis the role of the investigator†¦emphasises words rather than data (research book p716). The method involves using interviews, surveys, diaries or questionnaires to get results that are word based rather than numbers, figures or statistics. The definition of quantitative data is emphasises quantification†¦ and analysis of data (research book p717). Quantitative data focuses on numbers rather than words to get results for example, crime figures or statistics. The qualitative data that Hoyle uses are interviews, she interviews police officers and victims to in order to consider what the role of the criminal justice system is†¦in relation to domestic violence (Hoyle, C.2000:398). Hoyle occasionally interviewed the offender, the Crown Prosecution Service and the custody officer it is necessary to talk to all those involved in disputes and their resolution (Hoyle, C.2000:398). The quantitative data that is used within the text are the scrutiny of official documents, although she doesnt go into detail on what these are they are more likely to be crime figures for domestic violence. Triangulation in Hoyles article combines qualitative and quantitative data to get a more accurate result; however there are strengths and weaknesses for both methods. Qualitative data could be using a survey, questionnaire or interview to gather opinions from a group or individual but these can prove time consuming and expensive for example, you might have to travel in order to conduct the interviews. Another weakness of qualitative data is that it is opinion and not fact, Hoyle interviews police officers, victims and offenders to get their opinion on the dispute that she attends but the victim may be influenced so the interviewer has no way of knowing whether it is the complete truth, this also means the results may be unreliable as the answer may be false. Hoyle also interviewed police officers who responded to the incidents to ensure that accurate information was given in accordance to the victims wishes. Each set of data collected in an interview provides different perspectives o f the incident that generates further accounts in relation to the data that has already been gathered (Fandf 1986 find ref later in hoyles article). In using validity steps may be taken to ensure a method is reliable and/ or valid as such as testing for internal reliability (research methods book p173). In Hoyles research triangulation data does not provide a straightforward check on a reliability and validity†¦ discrete data set provides a unique perspective and therefore can be considered in isolation from others, two (or more) sets of data on the same situation permits one to explore the relationship of accounts to what people are actually observes to be doing, thereby generating a further account in relation to data already gathered (f and f from hoyles article). Hoyles uses interviews to get the opinion of the victim; however we cannot validate opinion as it may not be entirely true. It is possible to validate official documents for example, crime figures but in Hoyles article she does not reveal what they are then there is no way we can validate them without knowing specifically what they are. Hoyle chose to use qualitative and quantitative data so that there is more than one method to make the results more reliable, if one method looks at the opinion of the individuals involved then the official documents can back up the information found out from the interviews. She also chose these methods as it is good for repeatability; since Hoyle used the same methods over and over to conduct the interview then it is probable that at the end she would have similar results. Hoyle also considered these methods as it is a rigorous and thorough methodological approach for doctoral work (Hoyle, C. 2000:395). There are some differences that make using qualitative and quantitative data good or bad, the research done with qualitative data shows the point of view from the participants instead of quantitative data which is shown from the researchers point of view. I think it is better to show research from the participants view as it gives the reader a clearer insight into their world or perspectives for example, Karen Sharpe partly uses qualitative data to interview prostitutes on the street. The research shows the prostitutes and Sharpes perspective whilst on the streets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..quote this gives us a feel for how they feel working on the streets and the trust involved to approach Sharpe and answer the questions (reference to the Sharpe article). A strength of using quantitative data is that it is more structured than qualitative data, qualitative is usually unstructured or semi- structured as qualitative data is meant to give the researcher a view of the world from the participants eyes. (Research book p498). Quantitative data is more concerned with a group or individuals behaviour such as finding out why people work as prostitutes and what abused they endure on the streets, where as qualitative data is focused on the meaning of the actions. Several writers have written contrasts about qualitative and quantitative data, such as Halfpenny 1979 (research book p407). The similarities of qualitative and quantitative data are both set out to answer research questions although both sets of data are different but the overall goal is focused on answering questions about the nature of social reality (research book p409). Hardy and Bryman (2004) have pointed out that†¦ there†¦ are differences between qualitative and quantitative research†¦ should be recognised that there are similarities too (research book p409).Both qualitative and quantitative data are focused on variation, researchers seek to uncover and then represent the variation that they uncover (research book p409). This means researchers explore how people are different and their connection to variation. Another similarity is that the research method used has to have appropriate questions to ask the subject, researchers have to ensure that they specify que stions and select methods and data analysis that are appropriate with the questions (research book p410). Both of qualitative and quantitative data focuses on data reduction as researchers tend to collect a lot of data. If a researcher reduces the amount of data then it is easier to make sense of it all. In quantitative data researchers reduce data by statistical analysis. In qualitative data researchers develop concepts out of†¦ rich data (research book p409). The ethical issues that come from using qualitative methodology such as interviews are that Hoyle had to be taken to the victims house by the police officer on duty as she had to think about her personal safety, the officer was not required to participate in the interview except when the offender remained in the house after the dispute. However using the police officer to secure access looks like the victim had no choice but to be interviewed by Hoyle, before conducting the interview Hoyle had to make sure that the victim knew they had to rights whether to be interviewed or not. Consent had to be given for the interviews and Hoyle had to tell them information such as who she was, what the research was about, how it was funded and how the data would eventually be used. She also had to make sure they remained anonymous to protect the privacy of the people involved, this was important as to not cause more stress to the individuals and persuade them to open up to her since they couldnt b e identified. Another issue was that with the offender still in the house the victim could be dissuade from being entirely truthful with Hoyle so separate interview schedules were set up and the offender was taken to the police station for the interview. A major ethical issue was the fact that Hoyle was deceitful to the perpetrator of the dispute; she asked the offender to leave her alone with the victim and told them that their partner would be asked the same questions as them about public perception of police handling disputes. Some of the questions that Hoyle asked were the same as the offenders but some were not. Consented to interviews with officers without fully understanding the reasons behind the interviews (Hoyle, C.2000:401) Hoyle basically lied to the offender to gain the information she needed, if she hadnt then there is a chance that the victim would have been dishonest. Other issues that are involved with this type of research are access, Hoyle would of have to of gone through the police first and would of needed police escort to the dispute. Also to get to the victims she would have needed access from the police and from the offender as Hoyle had to ask the offender for permission to ask the victim questions. Another issue would have been trust, to talk to the victims Hoyle of needed a certain amount of trust before she could get them to answer the questions although they had the choice of backing out and not taking part if they wished. She would also need to get the trust of the offender so that they would let the victim alone with her. Overall I think that using both quantitative and qualitative data together is better as it produces more reliable information and results. Using qualitative data means that we get to see the research from the point of view from the individual or group to give us a clearer view of their life, however it is time consuming as you would have to earn their trust enough that you can ask questions and conduct the research. Qualitative data is also useful as it shows the participant in their natural settings most qualitative researchers reveal a preference for seeing through the eyes of the participant (research book p412) so they dont change their behaviour too much and so that they are comfortable in their environment. Quantitative data is distanced from the research subject, so we dont get a feel for the research as with qualitative data as the researcher is in close proximity to the subject. An advantage of using quantitative data is that it can be proven as it is fact where qualitative data is opinion, as having research that van be verified is useful.

Diels-Alder Reactions Experiment

Diels-Alder Reactions Experiment Abstract A Diels Alder reaction was done during this experiment between anthracene and maleic anhydride via to yield 9, 10-dihydroanthracene-9, 10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride. Anthracene was the diene and maleic anhydride was the dienophile. Following recrystallization of the product using xylene and vacuum filtration, a percent yield of 39.9% was calculated for the recrystallized product that was collected. The yield may have been low due to several of the crystals being stuck to flask and not going into the funnel, and there may have been other sources of error. The percent recovery from recrystallization was 56%. The melting point of the recrystallized product was 260 264 °C, while the literature melting point of 262 264 °C. Comparing these values shows that the product was indeed and that recrystallization yielded a purer product. Upon examination of an infrared spectrum of the product and of anthracene and maleic anhydride spectra, the data showed that the product spectru m had similarities with both spectrums for anthracene and the maleic anhydride. This indicated that 9, 10-dihydroanthracene-9, 10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride was a product of both anthracene and maleic anhydride, and thus that the experiment was successful. Figure 1: Reaction scheme of 9,10 dihydroanthracene-9, 10- ÃŽÂ ±, ß-succinic anhydride Introduction The 1950, Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder were awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on the discovery and development of [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. Diels-Alder reactions are used to synthesize new carbon-carbon bonds, more commonly they form six-membered cyclic compounds. The Diels-Alder reaction is categorized as a pericyclic reaction, which involves the overlap of spatial orbitals as well as the hybridization and delocalization of the molecules.1 The Diels-Alder reaction is a member of a class of reactions called cycloadditions, which are under pericyclic reactions. Usually, the reaction involves three à Ã¢â€š ¬ bonds, two from the diene and one from the dienophile in the reaction to form a six-membered ring.Since this reaction involves four à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons in the diene and two à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons from the dienophile, it is sometimes referred to as a 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ cycloaddition. Various chiral auxiliaries and catalysts for asymmetric Die ls-Alder chemistry have been developed that allow the cycloaddition to proceed with very high levels of selectivity.3 The use of chiral Lewis acid catalysts and high pressure to enhance the selectivity and rate of these [4à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2à Ã¢â€š ¬]-cycloadditions have further extended the scope of this remarkable reaction.1,2 Diels-Alder reactions are normally favored by electron donating groups on the diene and electron withdrawing groups on the dienophile. The diene must be able to achieve a s-cis conformation to generate the cis double bond in the cyclohexene product.3 Acyclic dienes may rotate around a single bond, but dienes locked in the s-trans conformation do not react.3 The purpose of this experiment is to yield 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride via a Diels Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride, as shown in figure 1. Anthracene acts as the diene and maleic anhydride functions as the dienophile. Xylene is used as a high boili ng temperature solvent so that the reaction will proceed quickly. A key characteristic of these reactions is their stereospecificity.3 Based on the interaction between a cyclic diene and a dienophile, different stereoisomeric compounds are formed. Stereochemistry represents a major component of the Diels-Alder reaction.2 Due to the interaction and arrangement between the conjugated diene and dienophile, an endo and exo product could be formed, which can characterize the reaction as stereo- and/or regioselective. Experimental Instruments used: The instruments that were used were the Thomas Hoover Melting, and a Nicolet IR 100 FT-IR were used in this experiment. Procedure and Observations: A reflux apparatus was assembled. Xylene (6 mL), anthracene (0.5 g), and maleic anhydride (0.25 g) were added to a round bottom flask (25 mL). The solution turned a yellow color when the reactants were added together. The reflux was then started, and once it began to boil, it was boiled for 30 minutes. A watch glass was weighed (35.55 g), which the product would later be transferred to. After reflux, the solution was cooled to room temperature, and then xylene (6 mL) was added to a test tube and laced into an ice bath. The solution appeared to be a golden yellow color after the reflux. Next, xylene (15 mL) was added to a beaker (50 mL), and then a vacuum apparatus was assembled. The solution was placed chilled for 5 minutes, and it became cloudy and crystals began to form. The solution was filtered through a Buchner funnel on the vacuum filtration. After the vacuum filtration, the crude product were light yellowish-brown crystals. Xylene (15 mL) was boiled , and was then added to the crude product, just enough to cover it, and was heated. The crystals began to dissolve the hot xylene was added, and as it dissolved the color became lighter and clearer. Once dissolved, the solution was then placed into an ice bath, after being cooled to room temperature. It was then put through the vacuum filtration; the recrystallized product was allowed to dry, and then weighed (0.28 g). Finally, the product was analyzed using IR and the melting point apparatus. References C. Oliver Kappe, S. Shaun Murphree, Albert Padwa, Synthetic applications of furan Diels-Alder chemistry, Tetrahedron, Volume 53, Issue 42, 1997, Pages 14179-14233, ISSN 0040-4020. Wade, L.G., Jr. The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene and Maleic Anhydride (1998). Simek, Jan William., and L. G. Wade. Solutions Manual Organic Chemistry, Eighth Edition L.G. Wade, Jr. Boston: Pearson, Boston, 2013. Print.

21st Century Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alternatives to animal testing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine you are walking down the cosmetics isle at your grocery store. While picking up some deodorant or toothpaste, have you ever stopped to think if your favorite product has been tested on animals? You probably haven’t, but the chances are very high that it has been. Two of the main reasons why companies continue to use animals to test their products are to determine possible dangers to human health and to avoid product liability suits, but now there are many reliable tests that can be conducted to determine the safety of products without the use of animals. To better understand this important issue I will discuss how animal testing began, what companies do and do not test products on animals, some alternatives to animal testing, and the awareness and prevention that demands our help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experimentation on live animals began as early as the 17th Century. Philosopher Jeremy Bentham rejected Philosopher Rene Descartes’ theory that animals are not able to reason and therefore do not feel pain. Bentham’s philosophy on animals was: â€Å" The question is not can they reason? Nor, can they talk? but, can they suffer? â€Å". The practice of testing cosmetics on...

What Is Physics And What Are Its Uses? :: essays research papers

What Is Physics and What Are Its Uses?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physics, a branch of science, is traditionally defined as the study of matter, energy, and the relation between them. The interaction between matter and energy is found everywhere. In order for matter to move, it requires some form of energy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sports show many good examples of the relationship between matter and energy. For instance, a pitcher requires energy to throw a baseball at the incredible speed and accuracy that is needed to keep the batter from using his energy to try and hit the ball. The batter exhibits the need for a certain trajectory because he/she needs to hit the ball hard enough and keep it high enough to sail over the outfield wall. On the other hand, the batter must be certain to keep the trajectory low enough so that the ball will reach the fence. Trajectory is also seen in basketball, where players must shoot the ball with enough arch to get over the front of the rim, and go through the hoop. The energy required to do this comes from not only the arms, but the legs as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The medical field has seen enormous breakthroughs because of principles of physics. Doctors are now able to use lasers for surgery. Lasers are based on the physical principle of light, and are devices for the creation and amplification of a narrow, intense beam of coherent light. New laser microsurgery can actually alter the shape of the cornea in the eye so the patient's eyesight can return to normal, and he/she will no longer need those bothersome glasses. Ultrasound is used in the medical field for destroying various unwanted substances in the body such as kidney stones. Ultrasound uses sound waves to dissolve these foreign bodies. If not for physics, ultrasounds would never have been discovered and utilized. MRI scans, another new discovery, are able to show a complete three dimensional picture of the interior structure of the body, and are extremely valuable in hospitals. These scans are based on the principles of electromagnetism, and the phenomenon that nuclei of some atoms line up in the presence of an electromagnetic field. Understanding the dark matter of the universe, which has remained a mystery for quite some time, is based primarily on theories of physics. We have yet to see a black hole, but physics has explained what one is, and why we cannot see it. Otherwise we would have never known that it is an extremely

Cigarette Litigation Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cigarette Litigation In August 1970 a leading tobacco defense attorney, David R. Hardy, wrote a confidential letter warning that indiscreet comments by industry scientists, including references to biologically active components of cigarette smoke and the search for a safer cigarette, constitute a real threat to the continued success in the defense of smoking and health litigation. The actual knowledge on the part of the defendant that smoking is generally dangerous to health, that certain ingredients are dangerous to health and should be removed, or that smoking causes a particular disease. This would not only be evidence that would substantially prove a case against the defendant company for compensatory damages, but could be considered as evidence of willfulness or recklessness sufficient to support a claim for punitive damages. As the evidence about the health hazards of smoking accumulated, and especially after the 1964 surgeon general's report, liability protection. The cigarette companies continued to aim propaganda about the smoking and health controversy at the general public. The Cigarette Papers describes plans in 1969 for a public relations campaign intended to set aside in the minds of millions the false conviction that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases. As late as 1985, R.J. Reynolds ran misleading ads suggesting that a large epidemiological study had not found evidence of a link between smoking and heart disease. The tobacco companies have always feared that one successful suit would lead to a flood of litigation, sweeping the industry away. Nowadays that fear seems more realistic than ever, given the hundreds of pending state lawsuits, secondhand smoke claims, class actions, and cases filed by individual smokers. The case started when two small-town Mississippi lawyers declared war on Tobacco Companies and skillfully pursued a daring new litigation strategy that ultimately brought the industry to the negotiating table. For forty years tobacco companies had won every lawsuit brought against them and never paid out a dime. In 1997 that all changed. The industry agreed to a historic deal to pay $368 billion in health-related damages and tear down billboard advertisements. Mississippi's Attorney General Mike Moore joined forces with his classmate attorney Dick Scruggs and sued tobacco companies on behalf of the state's t... ...ials01.htm Lawyers in Early Tobacco Suits to Get $8 Billion: http://nytimes.qpass.com/qpass-archives/fastweb?QProd=19&QIID=1998arcDOC109434&NYTID=&Srch=state_id=1+view=!view!+docid=!doc!+docdb=1998arc+dbname=!db!+TemplateName=doc.tmpl Companies' Cost Would Be Great, But So Is Their Outlook for Profit: http://nytimes.qpass.com/qpassarchives/fastweb?QProd=19&QIID=1997arcDOC47100&NYTID=&Srch=state_id=1+view=!view!+docid=!doc!+docdb=1997arc+dbname=!db!+TemplateName=doc.tmpl Philip Morris Admits Evidence Shows Smoking Causes Cancer: http://nytimes.qpass.com/qpass-archives/fastweb?QProd=19&QIID=1999arcDOC84540&NYTID=&Srch=state_id=1+view=!view!+docid=!doc!+docdb=1999arc+dbname=!db!+TemplateName=doc.tmpl Senate Approves Limiting Fees Lawyers Get in Tobacco Cases: New York Raising Tax on Cigarettes To Help Uninsured: http://nytimes.qpass.com/qpass-archives/fastweb?QProd=19&QIID=1999arcDOC104461&NYTID=&Srch=state_id=1+view=!view!+docid=!doc!+docdb=1999arc+dbname=!db!+TemplateName=doc.tmpl Inside The Tobacco Deal: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/settlement/etc/synopsis.html Actual Knowledge: http://reason.com/9612/bk.jacob.shtml

Kite Runner Social Divisions Essay

Two main themes in the novel The Kite Runner are that of social class and gender roles. Everywhere that Amir, the main protagonist, turns, society is divided. From his earliest childhood memories to living in America, there always seems to be some sort of invisible line drawn between his people. There is separation between the Pashtuns and the Hazaras, between Americans and Afghans, between men and women, and between the Talibs and the people of Afghanistan. â€Å"’Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here. His people pollute our homeland, our wantan. They dirty our blood†¦. Afghanistan for Pashtuns, I say. That’s my vision. ’† This quote reflects the hatred some people had for the Hazaras, or â€Å"Flat-Noses,† in Afghanistan. The Hazaras were the lower class, while the Pashtuns were the wealthy class. If there was a Hazara in Kabul, the bet was that he was â€Å"a beggar or a servant or both. † This severe social divide was not just economical. Only the Pashtuns were able to attend public school, and barely any, if any, Hazaras were literate. However, Amir grew up with Hassan, his Hazara servant, and didn’t know the hatred the rest of the Pashtuns harbored for the Hazaras. â€Å"Hassan and I fed from the same breasts. We took our first steps on the same lawn in the same yard. And, under the same roof, we spoke our first words. † After Amir Joel Huff-2 returned from school, he and Hassan would go up to â€Å"a bowl shaped hill just north of [his father’s] property† that had a cemetery atop it, with a luscious pomegranate tree just outside the fence. They climbed the tree’s large branches, and carved into it the words â€Å"Amir and Hassan, the sultans of Kabul. † After they ate the fruit and wiped their hands on the grass, Amir would read to Hassan. Despite the social divide, Amir and Hassan were like brothers. This shows that the unfair division of people can be broken – people don’t have to follow trends – that change can arise and equality can grow. The opinion on gender division, however, is slightly different in Hosseini’s book. There are two types of gender division in this book: the traditional, formal wait-until-marriage-to-be-alone kind, and the kind that made life harder on women. Hosseini somewhat supported the former, because that was the way of his people, and looked down upon the latter. In the novel, Amir sees a girl by the name of Soraya Taheri at the flea market where he and his father have a stall. This girl amazes him, as he has not actually seen a real girl of his age almost all his life, due to the separation of sexes in his homeland. He describes her as his â€Å"Swap Meet Princess,† but never actually talks to her for months. When he finally grew the nerve to talk to her, he asked where her father was, but eventually asked what she was reading. â€Å"I held my breath. Suddenly, I felt the collective eyes of the flea market Afghans shift to us. I imagined a hush falling. Lips stopping in midsentance. Heads turning. Eyes narrowing with keen interest. Up to this point, our encounter could have been interpreted as a respectful inquiry. But I’d asked her a question and if she Joel Huff-3 answered, we’d be†¦. Well, we’d be chatting. Me a mojarad, a single young man, and she an unwed woman. † This would be gossip material to the entire Afghan community in Los Angeles, just as it would have been back in Kabul. Rumors were deadly to anyone’s reputation in that community, and reputation was one of the only things that actually mattered. What made it worse was that Soraya had a â€Å"history. † Rumors, as everyone knows, are sometimes true. Unfortunately for Soraya, her â€Å"history† was entirely true. â€Å"When we lived in Virginia, I ran away with an Afghan man. I was eighteen at the time†¦rebellious†¦stupid, and†¦ he was into drugs†¦. We lived together for almost a month. All the Afghans in Virginia were talking about it. † This gossip traveled everywhere, as everyone in Afghanistan knew everyone else in Afghanistan. Soraya, daughter of the war hero, General Taheri, was hit especially hard by this gossip, and it traveled with them to Los Angeles. Though she tells Amir about the horrible past she has, Amir still pursues marriage with her, loving her all the same. â€Å"How could I, of all people, chastise someone for their past? † This shows a common double standard in the Afghan culture that also exists in our culture, to an extent. â€Å"Their sons go out to nightclubs looking for meat and get their girlfriends pregnant, they have kids out of wedlock and no one says a goddamn thing. Oh, they’re just men having fun! I make one mistake and suddenly everyone is talking nang and namoos and I have to have my face rubbed in it for the rest of my life. † To add to the extremity that Afghans see this sin as, after he made Soraya come home, Soraya’s father sat her in a chair, handed her a pair of scissors, and Joel Huff-4 calmly told her to cut off all her hair. He watched while she did it, his pride hurt more than hers. Along with the distinct division of men and women even in America, there was also a class division between Americans and Afghans. While the Americans had all white-collar jobs, Afghans were given the blue-collar jobs, despite some of them being professionals back in their homeland. Amir’s father, once a rich and powerful businessman, was forced to take up odd jobs and transactions to get by. He â€Å"sold his Buick and bought a dilapidated ’71 Volkswagen bus for $550 from an old Afghan acquaintance who’d been a high school science teacher in Kabul. † He bought this bus to go around to garage sales, buy items, take them to the flea market, and sell them for a small profit. â€Å"By that summer, Afghan families were working an entire section of the flea market. † â€Å"All of them high ranking officials, lawyers, businessmen, professors, doctors, now reduced to haggling over 2 dollars. † This shows the distinct difference between foreigners and natural born citizens in America. Racial prejudice and fear separate classes, even in a free society such as ours. The worst of any social divide mentioned in this book, however, was that between the Taliban and the citizens of Afghanistan. The Taliban, or just Talibs, took over Kabul after Amir and his father moved to America. When they were there, they destroyed everything, imposed strict laws, and committed random acts of violence. The citizens hated them, even though they â€Å"were all cheering when the Taliban came to take power† from the previous king. â€Å"I feel like a tourist in my own Joel Huff-5 country,† said Amir as he was entering the area around Kabul. As he was searching for his half-brother’s child, Amir attended a soccer match to find a â€Å"tall Talib with black sunglasses. † At halftime, three trucks rolled out into the field, one with a woman, one with a blindfolded man, and one carrying a load of stones. They unloaded each truck, placing the woman and man in separate chest-deep holes at the ends of the goal posts. â€Å"A chubby, white-bearded cleric dressed in gray garments stood near the goalposts and cleared his throat into a handheld microphone. Behind him the woman in the hole was still screaming. He recited a lengthy prayer from the Koran, his nasaly voice undulating through the sudden hush of the stadium’s crowd. I remembered something [my father] had said to me long ago: Piss on the beads of all those self-righteous monkeys. They do nothing but thumb their rosaries and recite a book written in a tongue they don’t even understand. God help us all if Afghanistan ever falls into their hands. â€Å" And sure enough, it had. The reign of terror of the Taliban swept through the streets of Kabul, as it had so many other Afghan towns. This was proven by the ruthless execution of the man and woman in the soccer stadium. The tall Talib in the black sunglasses picked up an unloaded stone, and hurled it at the man’s face, striking him in the side of the head. He continued to throw stones at the two until they were but bloodied corpses, at which point they were loaded back up into the trucks and hauled away. As Hosseini exposes the divisions in Afghan society, we in American society should reflect on the cultural fallacies that made Afghanistan the war-ravaged state that it is today.

Observing a Math Lesson Essay

A standard in mathematics provides, at the very least, is a baseline or outline to loosely adhere to during the school year. They are at the most though, designed to curricular goals and guidance for the math curriculum (Ferrini-Mundy, 2000). The direction of the future of math standards is equally important. The NCTM is focusing on having every state adhere to the same standards. Traditional teaching and learning is now taking a backseat to an updated common-core driven era because the old ways are dated for the dynamic of today’s classroom. The big difference between a baseline and goal is the minimum requirement and the maximum success rate you are aiming for as a teacher. Just having standards in a classroom and pushing through each lesson to achieve the notion that you made it through each standard produce a sub-par learning experience. There should be goals, not just for getting through standards, but an actual standard of learning each standard. A certain percentage of students should be able to demonstrate a mediocre to high capability of quality work for each standard. Formative and summative assessments could be used to analyze when it is time to move to the next standard. The separation of standards by state requirements show a difference in in the challenge the standards uphold from state-to-state (GreatSchools). After the NCLB Act of 2002, states were held accountable for the test scores, and even more than scores, the progress of their students. States submit their standards and questions for approval. There was a gap however in the quality of questions from each state. The NCTM is trying to find a happy medium for this. Forty-nine states now have adapted or at least begin implementing the new subject matter standards in mathematics (Ferrini-Mundy, 2000). Classrooms are no longer made of just high and low learners. Classrooms incorporate such a vast and diverse dynamic that not only includes a plethora of students that require differentiated lessons, but also consist of students who learn in all seven styles (Burton, 2010).  Being able to transcend information above just delivering it to each student can prove to be challenging. The goal would be to not just deliver, but have students receive, comprehend and apply. Constructivist style teaching and learning offers a gateway to the success of this. Students understand even subconsciously how they learn. Taking an active role in their own learning and mathematical discovery is key to their lifetime learning journey. Peer problem solving, dynamic small group teaching and think pair share offer an engaging premise for this learner’s accountability (Burton, 2010). This however does not mean every aspect of teaching from previous generations is lost. If it is not broke, don’t fix it applies to anything that was successful from all previous teaching methods throughout time. Traditional teaching methods are ideal for basic levels of learning. This is evident when basic information needs to be construed to the students. How to do addition and subtraction type concepts do not require constructivist style learning. Both styles of teaching provide huge upside but also are handcuffed by cons if used exclusively in the class. Constructivist math programs leave low-achieving students behind. Traditional programs may be tedious to high-achieving students (McDonell, 2008). A combination of both should be used for the greatest success. Lesson The objectives of the lesson I observed was to establish two different ways to find the area of triangles. This lesson was used as a base for eventually teaching composite figures and finding not only the area of them, but also the volume. The lessons incorporated problem solving and word problems, heightening the effectiveness of the lesson. The teacher placed the students in group settings. Within each group, students were given two separate problems. After the completion of each problem they discussed how the performed the work and came to find the answer. Once they all agreed on the answer and explanation, they groups were all shifted to a new table which held a new set of questions to solve and discuss. The standards used from the NCTM fall under the measurement and the process categories. It covers a majority of the two standards because of the variety of strategies used in the lessons. Below is all of the strategies used that were pulled from the NCTM website (NCTM, 2014). Measurements Grades 6–8 Expectations: In grades 6–8 all students should– understand both metric and customary systems of measurement; understand relationships among units and convert from one unit to another within the same system; understand, select, and use units of appropriate size and type to measure angles, perimeter, area, surface area, and volume. Process Standards Problem Solving Instructional programs from prekindergarten through grade 12 should enable all students to— Build new mathematical knowledge through problem solving Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems Monitor and reflect on the process of mathematical problem solving Reasoning and Proof Instructional programs from prekindergarten through grade 12 should enable all students to— Recognize reasoning and proof as fundamental aspects of mathematics Make and investigate mathematical conjectures Develop and evaluate mathematical arguments and proofs Select and use various types of reasoning and methods of proof Communication Instructional programs from prekindergarten through grade 12 should enable all students to— Organize and consolidate their mathematical thinking through communication Communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others Analyze and evaluate the mathematical thinking and strategies of others; Use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely. Connections Instructional programs from prekindergarten through grade 12 should enable all students to— Recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas Understand how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another to produce a coherent whole Recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics Representation Instructional programs from prekindergarten through grade 12 should enable  all students to— Create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas Select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve problems Use representations to model and interpret physical, social, and mathematical phenomena Standards in mathematics are important because it allows maximum learning. Being able to produce a lesson and then compare the standards allows educators to revamp or add to their lesson plans and implement more then they initially intended. A lesson can be drawn up and leave out simple elements that if added increase learning and meaning. The enhancement of the lesson will lead to a better success rate for the future lessons this one was meant to be a baseline for. A deeper understanding and comprehension of the area of a triangle makes the transition to composite shapes much easier to address. The methods used for this lesson were ideal. Strategies used were group work and a think-pair-share approach to explaining their conclusion of how they came to their answers we very effective. Although the text does not say, whole brain teaching and modeling methods were used for the first half of the lesson. Demonstration effective learning is important in this particular class because the c lass includes students who fundamentally have problems with simple multiplication even though it is 6th grade. Because of this, she also has to differentiate her instruction. This was done by not only making appropriate group dynamics but also giving low students’ multiplication charts so that they may solve the work on their own. This was not counterintuitive at all because the purpose was to understand solving for area. The school is low economic status, and technology is scarce. Technology was not used but could have been at basic levels. It could have been used to submit their work, to include their explanations. This would provide a means for accountability. It could have also been used for interactive websites intended for solving area. Technology was not used, but manipulatives were. Each problem consisted of its own cut out to measure. One of the changes I would have made to this lesson would be to allow students to measure something around the classroom. I noticed quite a few triangular shapes in her class to include an awesome Avengers kite. Assessments of the lesson included exit cards for that day  and when the section of the lessons was concluded, multiple tests were taken. The teacher used all of these assessments to her advantage. She addressed necessary review time because of them, making the overall lesson an absolute success. Other than allowing students free reign at the end I wou ld not change anything about this lesson. This will be yet another lesson I steal and use for my own classroom. Resources Burton, M. (2010). Five Strategies for Creating Meaningful Mathematics Experiences in the Primary Years. YC: Young Children, 65(6), 92-96. Ferrini-Mundy, J. (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics: A guide for mathematician. Notices of AMS, 47(8), 868-876. Retrieved from http://www.ams.org/notices/200008/comm-ferrini.pdf GreatSchools Staff (n.d.). State standardized test scores: Issues to consider. Retrieved from http://www.greatschools.org/students/academic-skills/626-state-standardized-test-scores- issues-to-consider.gs Lee Yuen, L. (2010). The Use of Constructivist Teaching Practices by Four New Secondary School Science Teachers: A Comparison of New Teachers and Experienced Constructivist Teachers. Science Educator, 19(2), 10-21. McDonell, J. (2008). Constructivist versus traditional math programs: How do we best meet the educational needs of our students?. (Master’s thesis, Carroll University). Retrieved from http://content-dm.carrollu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/edthesis/id/2/rec/14 NCTM. (2014). thstandards and expectations. Retrieved from http://www.nctm.org/standards/content.aspx?id=4294967312 Winstone, N., & Millward, L. (2012). The Value of Peers and Support from Scaffolding: Applying Constructivist Principles to the Teaching of Psychology. Psychology Teaching Review, 18(2), 59-67.

Bis 220 Week 1 Paper

An act of legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a specific law, expressed in writing. (thefreedicitionary. com) The Do Not Call Implementation Act of 2003 and The Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1970 both fall under this definition. The Do Not Call Implementation Act , 2003, authorized the Federal Trade Commission to collect fees for the implementation and enforcement of a â€Å"do-not-call† registry and for other purposes. The Fair Reporting Act of 1970 controls the collection, use, and redistribution of your consumer information (Stroup, About. om). These rules or acts come into existence for a number of reasons, some are even ethical in nature. But it is said when you create a lot of rules you create a lot of rule breakers. So lets take a look at what brought The Do Not Call Implementation Act, 2003 was promulgated. This Do Not Call Implementation Act of 2003 was to help get a fee for telemarketers or businesses who wanted to make calls to people who didn ’t have their name on the do not call list and to enforce provisions to the â€Å"do not call† registry.As stated earlier rules create rule breakers and people were not following the Telemarketing Sale Rule. So the rules have to constantly be updated because people are trying to figure out how to get around the rule. This rule came about because consumers just wanted to be left alone when at home and not be bothered with annoying phone calls from telemarketers while in the middle of eating dinner. They don’t want a credit card company calling trying to extend credit in the middle of the afternoon while their home school child is taking a nap.Which leads us to The Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1970. The Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1970 was brought into play to help the banks and the consumer. As stated above it controls the collection, use, and redistribution of consumer information (Stroup, about. com). In order to keep the banking system running strong and not putt ing out bad information on consumer. The act has rules and guidelines for companies that report consumer credit. If the banks have bad information on a consumer and gives the consumer a loan then that can be a problem for the bank or the consumer.But if all reporting stays with in the guidelines of the act then the chances are the information will be good and the right decision will be made in lending. The problem is the bank will have good information in some cases, but the consumer has another consumers information and uses it for themselves. These are the types of unethical things that people do, which has a snowball effect. Because it hurts the banks, making it harder for them to get money from the Federal Reserve, which in turn tightens up the lending criteria of the banks, thus making it difficult for consumers to get the things they need.But when you create rules, you create rule breakers. So although the two acts help the FTC govern the different areas that the acts cover. T hey still have their pros and cons, some which we discussed above, and others that we did not. But my belief is â€Å"get rid of some of the rules, get rid of the rule breakers. Resources Govtrack. us, H. R 395 (108th): Do Not Call Implementation Act Jack Stroup, About. com Guide: The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970

Kill and Odysseus Slaughters Bunches Essay

Mrs. Heimes English 9D 25 January 2013 Odysseus: Zero or Hero? Odysseus, saves citizens, saves shipmates, is a cold blooded killer and promiscuous man. When I think of Odysseus I think of a criminal or a zero. Odysseus is a zero for three main reasons 1. He is a killer and does not protect his shipmates 2. He is not a team player and he is not a leader 3. He constantly shows he can not be trusted. â€Å"There will be killing until the score is paid† is a quote from Odysseus in book 22. Everybody knows that heroes do not kill and Odysseus is no exception. In book 22 Odysseus slaughters bunches of men because they pursued his wife Penelope. On page 960 the blue text reads Odysseus and his men are compared to falcons who show no mercy to the flocks of birds they pursue and capture. These men were killed terribly because they pursued Odysseus wife because Odysseus was gone for 20 years. When Odysseus’ men were going to go straight to Scylla Odysseus did nothing. â€Å"She ate them as they shrieked there, in her den, in the dire grapple reaching still for me†. While Odysseus’ could have warned them of Scylla Odysseus decides that their lives are not very important. Because of Odysseus’ actions all of his men died. Since the the dawn of time it has been a universal fact that to be a hero you need to be a team player. When Odysseus gets his shipmates killed it is a perfect example of Odysseus not being a team player. Odysseus is the only person survive from his expedition why because he did not properly protect his shipmates. Let me read this quote â€Å"Driven by hunger they ignore Odysseus’ warning and eat Helios’ cattle†. Odysseus’ could not properly feed his men and he could not control them. When you look at the cyclops cave situation you realize that Odysseus is not very clever or smart. One of Odysseus’ men say â€Å" Take the cheeses, get them stowed, come back, thrown open all the pens, and make a run for it†? While doing that was clearly a better choice Odysseus’ refuses and decides that he wants to meet the cyclops. This is not a good Idea for many reasons the first is what could or would the Cyclops do for them. Every hero has to show that they can be trusted and depended on. While Odysseus did make it back to his homeland he also got all of his shipmates killed. The deaths of all of Odysseus’ shipmates came from a fault from Odysseus. Odysseus alone survives† Page 937 blue text. Odysseus constantly is unfaithful to his wife but after 20 years when his wife Penelope is looking for a suitor Odysseus kills all of the suitors. In this moment Odysseus shows me that he is not only a hypocrite but a killer. As I state in this paper Odysseus is a zero and clearly not a hero. Things like being a killer being untrustworthy and being a bad leader do not add up to Odysseus being a Hero. Things like saving lives being trustworthy and a good leader are things that do add up to being a hero and Odysseus is none of these.